BYD Company analyse Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

BYD Company analyse - Essay Example Furthermore, the organisation has also marked its presence in the automobile industry during the year 2003 and since, then this Strategic Business Unit (SBU) has witnessed a robust growth. In the current day context, the organisation has also earned the reputation of being the fastest growing automobile organisation during the last few years. It also has been the global pioneer in manufacturing energy vehicles, which includes pure electric models and Dual Mode electric models (BYD Company Limited 2015). In is also worth mentioning that the organisational growth is largely because of the development of Research and Development (R&D) team of the organisation. The R&D team of the organisation has largely contributed in the development of energy storage system, LED lighting, and solar energy products, amongst others (BYD Company Limited 2015). Contextually, the objective of the current study is to prepare a business report that would guide the organisation in effective expansion in the c ontinent of Europe by targeting the car market operating in Germany. Analysis of the macro and microenvironment of European hybrid-car industry is extremely important for the current study. However, in the study special emphasis is provided to the German market. In order to conduct effective environment analysis, PESTEL and Porter’s Five Forces analysis are considered most suitable to increase the transparency and ensure effective development. Therefore, the underlying subheads address the analyses of the external as well as internal environment using these marketing tools. Alike most of the nations in Europe, Germany is also a democratic nation. It is notable that the political environment of Germany along with other nations of Europe is mostly stable. This considerably encourages investors from different nations to invest in European nations including Germany (Jerez-Mir and Vazquez 2009). Besides these, it is notable that the governments of

CONTEMPORARY BRAND MANAGEMENT REPORT Case Study

CONTEMPORARY BRAND MANAGEMENT REPORT - Case Study Example The company took full advantage of the many synergies generated within the group while retaining its own identity and remaining faithful to its distinctive difference (Louis Vuitton.com). Louis Vuitton, the founder of the famous French luxury goods brand, began manufacturing trunks in Paris in 1854, and the company he started went on to become one of the world's most famous makers of luxury goods, known especially for its designer luggage pattern: a beige-on-chestnut monogram, "LV." Vuitton's high-quality travelling trunks were such a hit that he had to expand his factory within a few years, relocating to Asnires in 1860. As the years went by the Vuitton line gained international recognition, thanks in part to a bronze medal at the 1867 World's Fair and a gold medal at the 1889 World's Fair, both held in Paris. After Louis died in 1892, his son, Georges, took the company to new heights, developing what is recognized as the first "designer label" on a product. Widespread copying of Vuitton patterns pushed Georges to design the distinctive "LV" monogram. Vuitton's luggage company has since become a world leader in luxury consumer goods, with products that include trave l books, perfume, distilled spirits and designer clothing (Answers.com). Louis Vuitton is a truly global brand associated with lux... he stylish LV Monogram canvas that was carried on in the year 1896 and the soft Steamer Bag that was introduced in the year 1901 prefigured the opening of the Louis Vuitton building on the Champs-Elyses in Paris, the largest travel goods store in the world. The famous Keepall Bag, often seen as a forerunner of the duffel bag, was launched in 1924 and was followed by similar products. In the last quarter of the 20th century Louis Vuitton developed as a truly global brand: the first LV stores opened in Tokyo and Osaka in Japan in 1978, in South Korea in 1984, in China in 1992, in Marrakesh in the year 2000, in Moscow during 2003, and in New Delhi during 2003 (Answers.com). 3. Brand Analysis Consumers identify a brand's distinctive capabilities based on their perceptions that have themselves been created by the marketers over a period of time. A genuine brand is "the internalized sum of all the impressions received by the customers and consumers resulting in a distinctive position in their mind's eye based on perceived emotional and functional benefits" (Knapp). A brand, in general, conveys certain aspects like attributes, benefits, values, culture, personality and user each one of which are discussed below. Attributes: Attributes are things that usually speak about the product. A brand usually conveys attributes of the product in order to inform existing customers and at the same time attract new potential customers. If this aspect is compared with Louis Vuitton, the brand that is being discussed in this paper, the attributes of Louis Vuitton products' are stylish, fashionable and modern and are made of high quality premium leather. Benefits: In order for a brand to be successful in the market, it is necessary that the product attributes eventually transform into

Maslow Essays -- essays research papers

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs & Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Introduction Like in sports, in business the performance of team is not just based on the individual talents. It is also, and maybe even more, based on the global efficiency of the team. To be efficient, a team leader needs to ensure that all the team players are pulling at the same rope, towards the same direction. That first step ensures that all the energy that is spent, is used in favor of the objective and not against it. A second step is to set the team organization, in a way that each team member is in the position to deliver its maximum performance. To make this possible, a team leader has to understand the individuals’ and interpersonal dynamics of the team. Personality tests and concepts such as the Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs and the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator are two of the most used tools used by leaders to understand and manage these dynamics. Criteria to use when selecting a team member   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An individual’s resume will tell what one can do, but it will not tell how well one will be able to do it, in a given team and situation. Team leaders have to select team members for skills but also for their potential to fit and perform well in the team. As Kris Frieswick says â€Å"companies are increasingly taking steps to ensure that the hires they make are a good fit, not only with the job description but also with the people whom they will be working† (Frieswick, 2004). While making sure that one will fit well in a work environment, it is also important to ensure that one will be motivated to perform well. â€Å"Since management is all about getting things done through others, knowing [what motivates] and how to motivate others can improve the effectiveness of the managers†. (Buhler, 2003). The selection process used in the simulation   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The members selected in the simulation are Daniel Nichols, Lisa Stafford, Nicola Minelli and John Connor. They all are good performers at work, which demonstrate that put in the right situation they can achieve and exceed their objectives. They all have different levels of aptitudes in areas such as manage conflicts, communicate with others, meet a deadline, analyze and report on a situation or take the appropriate actions to solve a problem. All these aptitudes were required at different levels to complete the... ...while â€Å"Perceivers† will keep their mind opened for new discussion and analysis. The Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As George Hayhoe says, â€Å"Abraham Maslow's theory of the hierarchy of needs holds that much of human behavior is motivated by unsatisfied needs and the lower-level needs must be satisfied before higher-level needs can be addressed.† (Hayhoe, 2004). Maslow defines the human needs in five categories, often represented as a pyramid. From the bottom, one can find the â€Å"physiological† need such as food and water. The second level is the need for â€Å"safety†, which includes physical and emotional needs for safety. The third level is the â€Å"social† need, the need to belong to a group such as family or friends. The fourth level is the need for â€Å"esteem† such as being appreciated and being confident. The fifth and last level is the need for â€Å"self-actualization†. In this highest category, the objective is to achieve a level of competency in a certain activity or mastery of a skill (Jones, 2004). It is not for in dividuals to feel being better than others are, is to â€Å"have peace and satisfaction in who they are and what they are capable of doing† (Jones, 2004).

Do we have global culture? Essay

There are significant resonances here with academic depictions of globalization. I have argued elsewhere that an ‘economic-homogenization’ model of globalization is becoming increasingly dominant, in both academic and popular usage, which focuses attention on the improved combination of the global economy and its homogenizing effects on state policy and culture (Eschle 2004). Such a model is prevalent in International Relation (IR). It is characteristic of liberal IR approaches that support globalization, skeptical refutations of globalization as exaggerated and ideological, and critical IR theories that condemn globalization as profoundly damaging. It is with this last, critical, approach in IR that we find the strongest resonance with activist discourses. Both activist and academic critics share the assumption that globalization equates with the neo-liberal economic developments described above. Then, in an extremely significant move, these developments might be linked to the underlying structures of the economy and globalization reinterpreted as the latest stage of capitalism. According to Klein, ‘the critique of â€Å"capitalism† just saw a comeback of Santana-like proportions’ (2002:12). The global culture is usually used in contemporary academic discourse to distinguish the experience of everyday life in specific, exclusive localities. It reflects ordinary peoples’ feelings of suitability, comfort, and precision attributes that define personal preferences and rapidly varying tastes. In this framework, it is hard to argue that an overarching, global culture in fact exists. Jet-setting sophisticates can feel comfortable operating in a global network severed from specific localities, but the numbers involved are, as yet, insufficient to comprise a rational cultural system. For the majority people, place and locality still matter. Even the diasporic discussed by Appadurai are entrenched in local communities (sometimes several) tied together by universal perceptions of what constitutes a proper and fulfilling lifestyle. Many software engineers and Internet entrepreneurs who live and work in Silicon Valley, California, maintain homes (and strong social ties) in the Indian states of Maharashtra and Punjab. Rather than searching for substantiation that a world culture already exists, a more productive approach is to focus on features of life that are affected by the globalizing process. Modern research by anthropologists and media specialists makes obvious that globalism is not an invincible, unidirectional force that levels everything in its path. David and Anthony McGrew have depicted recent debates over globalization as divided among three general positions: the hyperglobalist, the skeptic, and the transformationalist. Briefly, the hyperglobalist understands contemporary globalization as heralding a new epoch of human history driven by the free movement of global capital and characterized by the inevitable rise of a world civilization that will result in the end of the nation-state. The skeptic, on the other hand, argues that this understanding of globalization is greatly exaggerated. Focusing on economic factors, the skeptic argues that there is nothing unprecedented about current levels of national interdependence, and that nation-states continue to be and will remain the primary political and economic actors in international affairs for the foreseeable future. In contrast, the transformationalist understands the current epoch as one of unprecedented change. But unlike the hyperglobalist, the transformationalist argues that the direction of this process remains uncertain and in contest. The transformationalist disputes the claim that the sovereign state is a thing of the past, but also challenges the claim that states remain as strong as ever. He argues rather that globalization transforms the relationship between states, markets, sovereignty, and the transnational sphere. It challenges the governing and legitimating capacities of old political arrangements, domestically and internationally. And it thus adds new incentives to the search for political innovation. (David and Anthony McGrew, 2002) To understand cultural changes one must draw a feature between form and content. Outward appearance and first impressions are approximately always deceptive; what matters most is the inner meaning that people consign to a cultural innovation. numerous theorists, including both opponents and proponents of globalism, task their own attitudes onto the people they assert to represent assuming that all humans see the world in the similar way. The perceived â€Å"sameness† of global culture often reveals the expectations of the analysts, relatively than the perceptions of those who are the subjects of analysis. Misunderstandings of this nature thrive in the literature devoted to globalism.

What Makes One Human and What Makes One Animal Essay

Gulliver’s Travels exposes the interdependency between both human and animalistic behaviors. In these travels, the word â€Å"human† does not necessarily belong to a certain species, but is rather a characteristic of reason based on the social norms of a particular society. It also claims that animals lack reason and therefore are subdued by those with reason. Since Gulliver finds that humans are the only animals capable of reason, he sees humanity in the Houyhnhnms, who are completely governed by reason, as these noble Houyhnhnms are endowed by Nature with a general disposition to all virtues, and have no conceptions or ideas of what is evil in a rational creature, so their grand maxim is, to cultivate Reason, and to be wholly governed by†¦show more content†¦The enemy was so frightened when they saw me, they leaped out of their ships† (Swift 50). Gulliver facilities the attack of on the Blefuscians, showing his animalistic inclinations in the processs . In other instances, Gulliver behaves like an animal outside of the war zone, especially in his social interactions with the Lilliputians. He defecates in public gatherings, leaving his fecal matter to be disposed of by the Lilliputians (Humans). This shows their human civility by illustrating their tendency to attend to the needs of something animals (such as Gulliver, in this case) cannot. Like an animal, Gulliver is treated as an inferior species; his uncivilized inclination to urinate on the Queen’s chambers causes him to face charges of being executed execution at the hands of the Lilliputians, â€Å"the heat I had contracted by coming very near the flames, and by my labouring to quench them, made the wine begin to operate by urine; †¦. In three minutes the fire was wholly extinguished, and the rest of that noble pile, which had cost so many ages in erecting, preserved from destruction† ( Swift 92). Gulliver tries to appeal to the compassion of the Lil liputians at hand, but his action, like that of an animal, is portrayed as rash. He not only puts himself in danger by nearly self-immolating, but also puts the whole society in danger by making the queens chambers uninhabitable and hazardous for anyone to dwell in. On his second journey, toShow MoreRelatedThe On The Begging Of Time1147 Words   |  5 Pageswhere animals land animals lived, a liquid planet where amphibious animals lived, and a gas planet where winged animals lived. All three planets were connected by bridges that were made of pure energy. There was a problem Spicious only allowed humans to travel between the planets the other animals had to stay on their planet. Spicious gave all of the animals enough to survive for a period of time but after the resources were depleted the animals would die. If all of the animals died the humans wouldRead MoreUse and misuse of animals.1750 Words   |  7 Pagesdecide whether animals have rights or not, we need to keep an open mind. Evolution of life is at least 25 million years old, and from the beginning right to the present day humans have fought for the survival against other species and have evolved to such an extent that they have been taken as the most superior of all living beings. Bo th Cohen and Williams value human life. They feel if the betterment of humanity is wanted then use of animals has to be accepted. Animals like human beings do sufferRead MoreAnimals Are The Best Of God s Creation1526 Words   |  7 PagesAs humans, we might see ourselves as empowered people. We might feel as though we are the best of god’s creation, and are more powerful than any other living organism on this earth. What makes us feel empowered to other living things, when they are as much alive as any human is? Does this mean that we are seen as something different, than any other living organisms such as an animal or is the human species animals? According to Webster, the definition of Animals is considered â€Å"a living organismRead MoreThe Moral Equality Of Animals Vs Humans1428 Words   |  6 PagesThe Moral Equality of Animals vs Humans The discretion between animal versus human equality has been a controversial subject for many years. Philosophers and activists have pushed this matter into debate among the general society in our culture. What exactly is moral equality for animals? Some say it is equal rights to animals, and others say it is equal consideration of the animal. To understand the scope of equality based on rights, one must unfold the determination of a right in itself. Carl CohenRead MoreThe Animal Of Human Animals1424 Words   |  6 PagesUncertainty is one of the words that governs the way in which animal welfare has been scrutinised in the past years. This mainly happens due to â€Å"the role humans sentiments (moral and otherwise) play in justifying the judgements that we make about our moral community.† Consequently, the purpose of this essay is to analyse if the moral judgements humans make in respect to other animal species are legitimate and if so, to demonstrate that exploiting non-h uman animals is entirely natural excepting one case.Read MoreEssay on Dr. Daedalus, Lauren Slater essay which depicts her opinions on memes1658 Words   |  7 PagesHuman Into Animals There are humans in the world that strive to become more animal like. Whether they just act like ones, or have surgical operations to look more like one, they try to become more like an animal. In her essay, Dr. Daedalus, Lauren Slater suggests that by altering our physical selves to emulate something more animal, our brains, and possibly even our souls, we become somehow more animal as well. She feels that we transform, and become more animal like every time we alter our bodyRead MoreArgumentative Essay On Animal Testing1189 Words   |  5 PagesAnimal Experimentation Animal experimentation has become a common practice among scientists around the world for various purposes, specifically including the improvement of human lives. With this in mind, to what lengths are we willing to go far enough to realize that animal experimentation is costing us our own humanity and compassion to the world around us? In the United States alone, there are over 100 million animals that are burned, crippled, or killed during in vivo studies in laboratoriesRead MoreCharles Darwin, A Scientist And Natural Observer Of The World1287 Words   |  6 Pagestheory, applies his own theories of evolution to humans in his book, The Descent of Man, and explains that the common cognitive characteristics which define humans as unique have â€Å"...no fundamental difference between man and the higher mammals† (34). Darwin is able to push this point forward by hypothesising about the development of early man and how natural selection gave rise to certain mental capacities th at are only a bit more evolved than other animals. The mental faculties he chooses to addressRead More Biomedical research on animals Essay1734 Words   |  7 Pagesthat are killing people today. How can doctors learn more about these medical difficulties? Through animal testing doctors can obtain valid results regarding these medical problems and create cures for people with many other medical difficulties. The progression of medicine and the day to day life styles of the general population rely on the ethical practice of animal testing. The alternatives to animal testing are not very valid. â€Å"Artificial testing with computer simulations, have not reached a technologicalRead MoreAnimals : Humans And Animals1724 Words   |  7 PagesAnimals play an important yet unique role in human culture. We use animals for our own benefit, and sometimes forget that they are also living things. Humans have established themselves as the greater species, therefore placing animals below them, causing us to lose sight of the fact that animals play a vital role in our society. We take advantage of animals and think nothing of it. Understanding this relationship between humans and animals comes from understanding the differences between humans

The Effects Of Queer Theory On Post Secondary Sport Teams

DRAFT ASSIGNMENT The Effects of Queer Theory On Post-Secondary Sport Teams Shayna Stoymenoff SDS378 Instructor: David Pereira February 29, 2016 The issue of sexuality in sports is highly complex and controversial. Through queer theory, it enables one to challenge traditional and heteronormative assumptions regarding gender and sexuality by reconstructing labels used for sexual identification, emphasizing both physical and mental strength and skill among British male university students and rejecting the notion of stable sex and that subject’s positions as disciplined constructions of identity in sporting environments such as post-secondary youth sporting teams. This paper will explore that through the use of queer theory, one can challenge heteronormative assumptions through post-secondary sporting teams by reconstructing terms for â€Å"gay† and â€Å"lesbian† sexual identities among youth athletes. Furthermore, through rejecting and critiquing the traditional female roles that young female athletes are assumed to be the â€Å"female apologetic† we are disrupting the boundaries between men and wo men. Finally, focusing on using queer theory to conceptualize hegemonic masculinity in British male university sporting teams offers positive aspects of sporting masculinities such as both physical and mental strength and skill among these various British male university students. This is useful in challenging the aggression, and homophobia, and sexism that is inherent in some sportsmen’s viewShow MoreRelatedOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesSeptember 11th John McMillian and Paul Buhle, eds., The New Left Revisited David M. Scobey, Empire City: The Making and Meaning of the New York City Landscape Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A Political Autobiography Allida M. Black, ed., Modern American Queer History Eric Sandweiss, St. Louis: The Evolution of an American Urban Landscape Sam Wineburg, Historical Thinking and Other Unnatural Acts: Charting the Future of Teaching the Past Sharon Hartman Strom, Political Woman: Florence Luscomb and the

Essay about Slave Stuff - 2919 Words

The slave trade in Uncle Tom’s Cabin Few books can truly be said to have altered the course of history, and even fewer can be said to have started an entire war. Uncle Toms Cabin, written by Harriet Beecher Stowe, was one novel to do both. Abraham Lincoln said to Harriet Beecher Stowe upon meeting her, quot;So this is the little lady who made this big war.†. Uncle Tom’s Cabin had a tremendous effect on early 19th century thoughts of slavery; stirring abolitionist support in the north. The novel is a realistic, although fictional view of slavery with the images of brutal beatings and unfair slave practices. After reading Uncle Tom’s Cabin thousand of northerners became impassioned for the anti-slavery cause. Uncle Toms Cabin helped†¦show more content†¦nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;She also inaccurately displayed the importance of the slave trade in the southern economy. She makes it out to be a big business and in common place among many traders. In the novel Stowe starts chapter ten with Tom abo ut to be sold off to the slave trader Haley, his whole family knows that Tom has been traded and is devastated about the situation. Stowe comments on the hardships of slave life and the fear of being sold at a moments notice when she states in her narrative voice that, â€Å"†¦many of the fugitives confessed themselves to have escaped from comparatively kind masters, and that they were induced to brave the perils of escape, in almost every case, by the desperate horror with which they regarded being sold south,--a doom which was hanging either over themselves or their husbands, their wives or children† (106). She goes on to say that there is a lot of money to be made by the industry. In a later section she depicts a slave warehouse, again she reiterates the fact that the slaves are horrified to be sold, she goes on to further imply that many slaves are sold many times in their lives for whatever reason. â€Å"Briskness, alertness, and cheerfulness of appearance, especia lly before observers, are constantly enforced upon them, both by the hope of thereby getting a good master, and the fear of all that the driver may bring upon them if they prove unsalable.† (351). True, manyShow MoreRelatedequiano olaudah Essay619 Words   |  3 Pagessmart he was, and in the end he represented Africans and make them proud because back then I’m sure it was hard for Africans to show people/whites who they are and what they are capable of, and Equiano showed people that Africans are more than just slaves. He represented Africans by his desire for freedom while he was in slavery, also his desire to educate himself while he was in slavery, another way he really represents the Africans is with his identity. While being in slavery for almost his wholeRead MoreThe Cruelty Of Slave By Jared Eliot928 Words   |  4 PagesAM Professor: Walker The cruelty of slave With many resources and reasons, African slave experience numerous of punishment during their time period of slavery. As they crossed from Africa towards the West Indies their encounters experience of starvation, mistreated, beaten, sexual harassment and torments from Europeans slave’s dealers, owners, master and their own kind. Breaking the law or even working slow was a punishments. Especially for runaways slaves. Two primary sources advertisement thatRead More The Origins of Voodoo Essay1442 Words   |  6 Pageshorror stories, but embraced for its strength and history. Voodoo originated as an amalgam of African religions during the slave trade. As slaves were shipped from Africa to the Caribbean, groups of slaves sharing a similar heritage were broken apart to prevent any sense of community or bond between them. With no connection beyond the tortures of slavery, the slaves had little chance to establish any relationship to their fellow captives. They came from lifestyles far removed so one of the onlyRead MoreThe Asian And African Trade Systems1565 Words   |  7 Pageskingdoms had. Africa was full of resources like gold, slaves, iron, salt and food stuffs like dates, which allowed African merchants to trade prosperously for decades with the Europeans, Asians and Muslims. The Portuguese merchants and traders were the firsts Europeans to settle trading bases along the eastern coast of Africa, increasing their presence and establishing the basis of a relationship that later started the European African slave trade. Like the European kingdoms, African Kingdoms wereRead MoreSlavery During The Civil War Essay1728 Words   |  7 Pagesnow. It affected all aspects of an American society: politically, economically and socially. Slaves were the ones who worked on large plantations, harvesting the crops, taking care of houses, fighting for an American independence, and gave the white people a leisure time to improve their knowledge and exercise political power. From an early colonial settlement through the civil war, African-American slaves had completed a long path of oppression, abuse, and repudiation of basic liberty rights. ThoughRead MoreIncidents Throughout The Life Of A Slave Girl By Harriet Jacobs Essay1475 Words   |  6 PagesIncidents in the Life of a Slave Girl In her book, Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, Harriet Jacobs is a slave that was born into slavery in 1813 that has decided to share her amazing story of slavery and her struggles to become free. When she was young her parents were â€Å"property† of a really nice lady that allowed her family to have a very comfortable life for a slave family. They were allowed to work for their own money and Harriet did not know that she was a slave for until she was twelve.Read MoreMalawi : A And Fascinating Land Rich1631 Words   |  7 Pages(Maravi) did great and was going great up until the 18th century when they went to war with the sub-chiefs and the slave trade began to take over the region. Slave trade was introduced to Malawi by the Swahili Arab traders. As soon as slave trade was introduced to Malawi, it caused massive destruction. By the year 1824 over 40,000 slaves were being sold through one of the most popular slave market, Zanzibar. Some say that as many as five times th at number died in the village raiding parties and in theRead MoreEmancipation and Apprenticeship3508 Words   |  15 PagesLike other people of the time, Europeans believed that the enslavement of another person was justifiable as long as a reasonable explanation could have being given for the enslavement. In Africa itself, slavery was acceptable and people were taken as slaves in three ways: as prisoners in war, as a punishment for a crime and as a payment for debt. An English philosopher, John Locke stated that slavery is only justifiable when a person was then taken captive as a prisoner of war e.g.: in crusades. TheRead MoreColonial Wars And The American Economy During The Civil War Essay1991 Words   |  8 Pagesthe Southern economy during the civil war through the lack of developing other industries. A key development for the south to rapidly develop their economy was the shift in the labour force from indentured white European servants to black African slaves. In 1609 the Virginia Company used their own resources to pay for European servants to migrate to America and become part of the labor force. The demand for labor rose sharply during the tobacco boom of 1619 . As a consequence of the tobacco boomRead MoreThe Transition Of Power And Privilege1786 Words   |  8 PagesThe white man brought a certain kind of trade that varied slightly from the conventional â€Å"give me your food and I will give you mine†. Although the westerners wanted to exchange, they were not looking for food stuff, instead, they were more interested in the gold, diamond, silver and slaves these West Africans seemed to have in abundance. In return, they would provide luxurious goods such as mirrors, umbrellas, and dry gin. Because the women in these communities had neither the heart nor the strength